This project is being driven by recent Commonwealth and state agendas and policies including social inclusion, chronic disease and preventative health that now prioritise individuals from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds The focus of this project is on low physical activity as a risk actor for chronic disease. Research indicates that individuals from a CALD background have lower rates of participation in planned physical activity than Australian-born individuals and experience a number of complex barriers. Furthermore, little is known about which CALD groups have risk factors for chronic disease due to the lack of available published research which include CALD communities. The literature suggests that low English proficiency, recency of arrival, and refugee origins are potential risk factors for low physical activity in CALD individuals and communities. In addition to these contextual issues, there are a range of cultural norms that may also act as barriers to participation in physical activity. It is important to note that not all CALD communities, or individuals within communities, are the same. There is often greater diversity within groups as there are differences between groups; however, there are shared cultural norms, vulnerabilities and trends that emerge in CALD communities and can be pronounced as a result of transition and acculturation processes that occur during migration and settlement which can, for some time, put self-care and physical activity at the bottom of a long list of immediate priorities such as housing, childcare, education and employment. In addition to low English proficiency, being new to Australia, and unfamiliar with Australian and "Western" cultural norms and institutions, gender and age appear to be co-related to low rates of physical activity.